波形を地盤モデルに入力する方法:基盤の波形を作成したのち,地盤モデルに入力して地表の波形を算定する。解析法は,重複反射理論による線形解析[1-10]と,ひずみに応じて剛性と減衰を変化させる等価線形解析[1-11][1-12]である。各層のせん断波速度 Vs は,標準貫入試験の N 値から今井・殿内の式(Vs=97N0.314)により推定できる[1-13]。
[1-2]Noda, S., Yashiro, K., Takahashi, K., Takemura, M., Ohno, S., Tohdo, M. and Watanabe, T.: Response spectra for design purpose of stiff structures on rock sites, OECD-NEA Workshop on the Relations between Seismological Data and Seismic Engineering Analysis, Istanbul, 2002.10
[1-3]大崎順彦:新・地震動のスペクトル解析入門,鹿島出版会,1994
[1-4]American Society of Civil Engineers: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-16, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784414248
[1-5]CEN: Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance – Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, EN 1998-1:2004, 2004
[1-6]Newmark, N. M. and Hall, W. J.: Earthquake Spectra and Design, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 1982
[1-9]Aoi, S., Kunugi, T. and Fujiwara, H.: Strong-motion seismograph network operated by NIED: K-NET and KiK-net, Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 65-74, 2004, https://doi.org/10.5610/jaee.4.3_65
[1-10]Haskell, N. A.: The dispersion of surface waves on multilayered media, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 17-34, 1953.1, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0430010017
[1-11]Schnabel, P. B., Lysmer, J. and Seed, H. B.: SHAKE: A computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites, Report No. EERC 72-12, University of California, Berkeley, 1972.12
[1-12]Hardin, B. O. and Drnevich, V. P.: Shear modulus and damping in soils: design equations and curves, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, No. SM7, pp. 667-692, 1972.7, https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001760
[2-1]Jennings, P. C., Housner, G. W. and Tsai, N. C.: Simulated earthquake motions for design purposes, Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 1969
[2-2]Amin, M. and Ang, A. H.-S.: Nonstationary stochastic model of earthquake motions, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. EM2, pp. 559-583, 1968.4
[2-3]Saragoni, G. R. and Hart, G. C.: Simulation of artificial earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 249-267, 1974, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290020305
[2-4]Noda, S., Yashiro, K., Takahashi, K., Takemura, M., Ohno, S., Tohdo, M. and Watanabe, T.: Response spectra for design purpose of stiff structures on rock sites, OECD-NEA Workshop on the Relations between Seismological Data and Seismic Engineering Analysis, Istanbul, 2002.10
[2-8]Boore, D. M.: Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motions based on seismological models of the radiated spectra, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 73, No. 6A, pp. 1865-1894, 1983.12, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA07306A1865
[2-10]Aoi, S., Kunugi, T. and Fujiwara, H.: Strong-motion seismograph network operated by NIED: K-NET and KiK-net, Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 65-74, 2004, https://doi.org/10.5610/jaee.4.3_65
[3-1]Nigam, N. C. and Jennings, P. C.: Calculation of response spectra from strong-motion earthquake records, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 909-922, 1969.4, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0590020909
[3-2]Gasparini, D. A. and Vanmarcke, E. H.: Simulated Earthquake Motions Compatible with Prescribed Response Spectra (SIMQKE), Publication No. R76-4, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1976
[4-2]Housner, G. W.: Behavior of structures during earthquakes, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 85, No. EM4, pp. 109-129, 1959.10, https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEA3.0000102
[4-3]Arias, A.: A measure of earthquake intensity, in Hansen, R. J. (ed.), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants, MIT Press, pp. 438-483, 1970
[4-4]Trifunac, M. D. and Brady, A. G.: A study on the duration of strong earthquake ground motion, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 581-626, 1975.6, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0650030581
出力のナイキスト周波数付近(dt=0.01 s の場合,周期 0.020〜0.025 s)の成分は,わずかに低減している。
振幅の修正方法(比の0.8乗,1回あたり0.2〜5倍に制限)は経験的に定めたものである。
地盤応答解析では,水平成層地盤に SH 波(水平方向に振動する横波)が鉛直下方から入射すると仮定し,減衰は振動数に依存しないものとする。等価線形解析では,有効ひずみを最大ひずみの0.65倍とし[9-3],剛性と減衰のひずみ依存性を Hardin–Drnevich モデル[9-1][9-2]で表す。
作成した波形を設計・照査に用いる場合は,各パラメータの設定と適合精度を確認する必要がある。
図9.1 周期の範囲と処理の関係(模式図)
参考文献
[9-1]Hardin, B. O. and Drnevich, V. P.: Shear modulus and damping in soils: design equations and curves, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, No. SM7, pp. 667-692, 1972.7, https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001760
[9-2]Schnabel, P. B., Lysmer, J. and Seed, H. B.: SHAKE: A computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites, Report No. EERC 72-12, University of California, Berkeley, 1972.12
[9-3]Seed, H. B. and Idriss, I. M.: Soil Moduli and Damping Factors for Dynamic Response Analyses, Report No. EERC 70-10, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1970